tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76186660502623506852024-03-13T03:23:32.874-07:00RRrizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-75999889457353508622013-08-28T07:52:00.000-07:002013-08-28T07:52:43.910-07:00WSD<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN PEMASANGAN</span></h1>
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<b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WATER SEALED DRAINAGE (WSD)</span></b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: 49144_100000072527669_4188_n" height="265" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\mukmin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="227" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;"></span></h1>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">DISUSUN OLEH :</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">DOSEN PEMBIMBING :
HILI AULIA,S.Kep,Ners</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN BINA HUSADA</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PALEMBANG TAHUN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<b><i><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assalamualaikum,Wr.Wb.</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alhamdullilah kita
panjatkan puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT. Karena atas berkat rahmat dan
karunia-Nyalah kita diberikan nikmat kesehatan hingga sampai sekarang ini. Dan
tak lupa pula shalawat serta salam kita haturkan kepada junjungan kita Nabi
besar Muhammad SAW</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, bes</span><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erta para sahabat-sahabat-Nya, pengikut-pegikutnya hingga
akhir zaman. Dimana yang telah mengajarkan iman dan islam kepada kita, sehingga
kita dapat menikmati indahnya keimanan dan Islam.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alhamdulillah kami
dapat menyelesaikan tugas </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">makalah
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asuhan Keperwatan
Pemasangan Water Sealed Drainage (WSD)</span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ini, yang diberikan kepada kami sebagai tugas</span><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembelajaran
mata kuliah </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Respirasi II</span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam penulisan
dan penyusuan kata-kata pada tugas ini masih banyak kesalahan penulisan, untuk
itu kami selaku penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun
dari semua pambaca demi kesempurnaan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">makalah</span><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ini di masa yang
akan datang.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akhir kata semoga </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">makalah</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
ini dapat berguna dan bermanfaat bagi kita semua. Amin. </span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Palembang,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maret </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">201</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">KATA PENGANTAR <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">DAFTAR ISI <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">BAB I – PENDAHULUAN <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.1 Latar Belakang <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.2 Rumusan Masalah <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.3 Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2</span></div>
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II - TINJAUAN PUSTAKA <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.1 </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2 Anatomi Fisiologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4</span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III - ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>14</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">BAB</span></b><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IV
- PENUTUP <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>22</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LATAR BELAKANG</span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bernapas merupakan aktivitas yang penting bagi manusia.
Tubuh memerlukan suplai oksigen yang cukup untuk proses metabolisme. Jika
terjadi gangguan pada saluran pernapasan misalnya saluran pernapasan terisi
oleh zat lain seperti cairan, maka pertukaran gas akan terganggu. Oleh karena
itu perlu dilakukan tindakan untuk membantu mengembalikan fungsi normal saluran
pernapasan, salah satunya adalah dengan pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebutuhan pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>) misalnya, pada trauma (luka tusuk di dada),
biasanya disebabkan oleh benda tajam, bila tidak mengenai jantung, biasanya
dapat menembus rongga paru-paru. Mekanisme penyebabnya bisa satu tusukan kuat
ataupun satu gerakan mendadak yang hebat. Akibatnya, selain terjadi peradarahan
dari rongga paru-paru, udara juga akan masuk ke dalam rongga paru-paru. Oleh
karena itu, paru-paru pada sisi yang luka akan mengempis. Penderita nampak
kesakitan ketika bernapas dan mendadak merasa sesak dan gerakan iga disisi yang
luka menjadi berkurang (Kartono, M. 1991).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk itu dalam makalah ini kelompok akan menjelaskan
tentang asuhan keperawatan pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water
Seal Drainage</i>) dan diharapkan bisa membantu mahasiswa, tenaga kesehatan dan
masyarakat umum untuk lebih memahami tentang masalah WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>).</span></div>
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asuhan keperawatan </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang
harus diberikan kepada pasien dengan pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.3 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan Umum</span></b></div>
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asuhan keperawatan </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang
harus diberikan kepada pasien dengan pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan tujuan pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan indikasi dari pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan Kontraindikasi dari pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan komplikasi dari pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan macam-macam dari WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan prosedur pemasangan WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien dengan pemasangan
WSD (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Seal Drainage</i>)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1 Pengertian WSD</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan WSD (Water Seal Drainage) atau
yang disebut juga dengan “Chest-Tube” (pipa dada) adalah suatu usaha untuk
memasukkan kateter ke dalam rongga pleura dengan maksud untuk mengeluarkan
cairan yang terdapat di dalam rongga pleura, seperti misalnya pus pada empiema atau
untuk mengeluarkan udara yang terdapat di dalam rongga pleura, misalnya
pneumotoraks. Bedanya dengan tindakan pungsi atau torakosintesis adalah kateter
dipasang pada dinding toraks dalam waktu yang lama dan di hubungkan dengan
suatu botol penampung.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan perkataan lain pemasangan WSD
adalah pemasangan kateter pada rongga toraks untuk mengeluarkan cairan atau
udara dari cavum pleura. Pada prinsipnya cairan dengan viskositas yang tinggi,
seperti darah atau eksudat yang mengental dan nanah, tidak mungkin dapat
dikeluarkan dengan tindakan tindakan pungsi. Pengeluaran cairan dengan
viskositas yang tinggi ini dari cavum pleura hanya dapat dilakukan dengan
pemasangan WSD. Demikian pula pada keadaan ventil pneumotoraks, dimana untuk
mencegah terjadinta sesak nafas berat yang disebabkan oleh karena meningginya
tekanan intratoraks, maka diperlukan pemasangan WSD. Ada pula pendapat yang
mengatakan bahwa terdapatnya pneumotoraks yang besar merupakan indikasi
perlunya pemasangan WSD. Hal ini ats pertimbangan bahwa paru akan tetap
menguncup dalam waktu yang cukup lama.( Carpenito, Juall , 2000, hlm 663)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WSD merupakan tindakan invasive yang
dilakukan untuk mengeluarkan udara, cairan (darah,pus) dari rongga pleura,
rongga thorax; dan mediastinum dengan menggunakan pipa penghubung.(Susilo,
2008, Kumpulan Materi Kuliah, </span><a href="http://tutorialkuliah.wordpress.com/author/rumahbisniss/"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://tutorialkuliah.wordpress.com/author/rumahbisniss/</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2 Maret 2013, Prg 1)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2 Anatomi Fisiologi</span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Anatomi Dada</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dada terdiri atas
tiga komponen yaitu mediastinum, rongga pleura kanan, dan rongga pleura kiri.
Tiap rongga pleura dilapisi oleh membrane tipis dan licin yang disebut pleura
parietal. Membrane yang sama meliputi paru-paru disebut pleura visceral.
Lapisan yang tipis berupa cairan dengan volume total sampai 5ml bertindak
sebagai pelumas antara pleura parietal dan viscelar, memungkinkan cairan itu
bergerak dengan halus setiap kali bernapas. Karena dua lapisan pleura saling
bersentuhan, area pleura menjadi area ‘potensial’. Bila area antara membrane
ini menjadi area ‘aktual’, paru-paru akan kolaps.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Tekanan Pleura</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam rongga dada,
paru-paru disokong oleh tekanan pleura negative. Tekanan negative ini dibuat
oleh dua kekuatan yang berlawanan. Pertama, kecenderungan dinding dada untuk
mengembang ke depan dan ke belakang. Kedua adalah kecenderungan jaringan
alveolar elastic untuk berkontraksi. Analoginya adalah terdapat dua lapisan
mikroskopik yang saling mengikat tetesan air yang diletakkan di antaranya.
Seseorang tak dapat menarik bagian lapisan karena adanya tekanan permukaan
cairan.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bandingkan kedua
paru-paru dengan dengan kedua lapisan itu. Satu lapisan adalah lapisan
visceral, lainnya pleura parietal. Tetesan air adalah cairan pleura. Sesuai
dengan analoginya, upaya kekuatan yang berlawanan untuk menarik pleura pada
arah yang berbeda. Tekanan negative yang terjadi mengikat paru-paru dengan
kencang pada dinding dada, mencegah paru-paru kolaps. Selama inspirasi, tekanan
intrapleural menjadi lebih negative. Pada ekspirasi, tekanan menjadi kurang
negative.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Efek
Pernapasan pada Tekanan Intrapleura</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika kita bernapas,
proses ini berpengaruh pada organ yang berada di dalamnya sehingga akan merubah
tekanan intrapleural.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek pernapasan pada tekanan intrapleural:</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase istirahat
: -5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inspirasi
: -6 sampai dengan 12 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekspirasi
: -4 sampai dengan 8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua gas bergerak
dari area yang tekanannya lebih tinggi ke tekanan lebih rendah. Selama inspirasi,
rongga dada membesar karena kontraksi diafragma. Hal ini meningkatkan area
paru-paru dan menyebabkan tekanan intrapleural turun sampai ke bawah tekanan
atmosfer. Udara mengalir dari tekanan relative tinggi di atmosfir ke area
tekanan rendah di paru-paru. Selama ekspirasi, proses ini kebalikannya. Recoil
difragma akan menurunkan area dalam rongga dada dan menekan paru-paru. Tekanan
intrapleural kini lebih tinggi dari tekanan atmosfer, menyebabkan udara
bergerak ke luar paru-paru. Setelah otot pernapasan rileks, tekanan antara
udara luar dan paru-paru sama. Karena tekanan sama, maka tidak ada udara
bergerak.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.3 Etiologi</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
Membuang udara, cairan atau darah dari area pleura.<br />
Mengembalikan tekanan negatif pada area pleura.<br />
Mengembangkan kembali paru yang kolaps/ kolaps sebagian.<br />
Mencegah reflux drainase kembali ke dalam dada.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.4 Manifestasi Klinis/</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tanda Dan Gejala</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Dispnea, Takipnea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Kesulitan pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Gelisah, cemas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Takhikardi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Ekspansi
dada tak simetris</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5 Patofisiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada orang normal cairan dironga pleura
sebanyak 1-20 ml. Jumlah cairan di rongga pleura tetap karena adanya
keseimbangan antara produksi (oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pleura
parietalis</i>) dan absorbsi (oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pleura
visceralis</i>). Keseimbangan ini terjadi karena adanya tekanan hidrostatis
pleura parietalis sebesar 9cm H<sub>2</sub>O dan tekanan asmotik koloid pleura
visceralis 10cm H<sub>2</sub>O. Akuumulasi cairan pleura dapat terjadi apabila:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Tekanan osmotic koloid menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MISAL: HIPOALBUMIN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Bartambahnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Permeabilitas kapiler (Radang, Neoplasma)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.
Tekanan Hidrostatik (Gagal Jantung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.
Tekanan negative intra pleura (Atelektasis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa cairan pleura :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transudat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Jernih kuning</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Silothoraks<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Putih sperti susu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Empiema<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Kental dan Keruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Empiema Anaerob<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Bau busuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Malignan Messothelioma<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Sangat kental dan berdarah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.6 </span></b><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat Pemasangan WSD</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Bagian apex paru (apical)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
anterolateral interkosta ke 1-2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
fungsi : untuk mengeluarkan udara dari rongga pleura</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Bagian basal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
postero lateral interkosta ke 8-9</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
fungsi : untuk mengeluarkan cairan (darah, pus) dari rongga pleura</span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="311" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\mukmin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="269" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="208" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\mukmin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="340" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Chiller; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar pemasangan WSD</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Indikasi Pemasangan Wsd : </b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Hemotoraks, efusi pleura </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Pneumotoraks ( > 25 % ) </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Profilaksis pada pasien trauma
dada yang akan dirujuk </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Flail chest yang membutuhkan
pemasangan ventilator </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Cara Pemasangan Wsd</b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Tentukan tempat pemasangan,
biasanya pada sela iga ke IV dan V, di linea aksillaris anterior dan media. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Lakukan analgesia / anestesia
pada tempat yang telah ditentukan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Buat insisi kulit dan sub
kutis searah dengan pinggir iga, perdalam sampai muskulus interkostalis. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Masukkan Kelly klemp melalui
pleura parietalis kemudian dilebarkan. Masukkan jari melalui lubang tersebut
untuk memastikan sudah sampai rongga pleura / menyentuh paru. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. Masukkan selang ( chest tube )
melalui lubang yang telah dibuat dengan menggunakan Kelly forceps </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6. Selang ( Chest tube ) yang
telah terpasang, difiksasi dengan jahitan ke dinding dada </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7. Selang ( chest tube )
disambung ke WSD yang telah disiapkan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8. Foto X- rays dada untuk
menilai posisi selang yang telah dimasukkan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada
Beberapa Macam WSD : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Sistem satu botol</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Merupakan sistem drainase dada yang paling sederhana.
Terdiri dari botol steril rapat udara yang berisi 100 ml air steril atau
saline. Bagian penutup botol memiliki dua lubang. Selang udara yang pendek
merupakan lubang udara, yang memungkinkan udara dari ruang pleura keluar dan
untuk mencegah tekanan yang terbentuk pada rongga pleura. Satu lubang dengan
ujung selang yang panjang masuk ke air sekitar 2 cm, sehingga ia bertindak
sebagai water seal. Ujung selang tersebut dihubungkan ke tubing drainase dada
pasien. Botol bertindak sebagai ruang pengumpul dan ruang water seal. </span><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Undulasi pada sistem mengikuti irama
pernafasan, meningkat saat inspirasi dan turun saat ekspirasi. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Keuntungan sistem satu botol : </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> -Penyusunan sederhana </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> -Mudah untuk pasien untuk yang dapat jalan</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerugian sistem satu botol :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Saat drainase dada mengisi botol, lebih banyak kekuatan
diperlukan untuk memungkinkan udara dan cairan pleura untuk keluar dari rongga
dada masuk kebotol.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Campuran darah drainase dan udara menimbulkan campuran
busa dalam botol yang membatasi garis pengukuran drainase.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Untuk terjadinya aliran, tekanan pleura harus lebih
tinggi dari tekanan botol.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_ZzVBKkDEa0/TbSmNMWrOPI/AAAAAAAAAHE/HYDrc51_3QM/s1600/New+Picture+%2836%29.png"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: C:\Documents and Settings\mukmin\My Documents\Data Pemasangan WSD\prosedur-pemasangan-dan-pencabutan-wsd_files\NewPicture283629.png" border="0" height="169" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\mukmin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Sistem dua botol</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada sistem dua botol, botol pertama sebagai wadah
penampung dan yang kedua bertindak sebagai water seal. </span><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Botol pertama bersambungan dengan selang drainase. Botol
ini mulanya kosong dan hampa udara. Selang udara yang pendek pada botol pertama
bersambungan dengan selang yang panjang pada botol kedua, yang menimbulkan
water seal pada botol kedua. Cairan dari ruang pleura mengalir masuk kedalam botol
pertama dan udara dari ruang pleura ke water seal pada botol kedua.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Keuntungan sistem dua botol :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Mempertahankan water seal pada tingkat konstan.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Memungkinkan observasi dan pengukuran drainase yang
lebih baik</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerugian sistem dua botol :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Untuk terjadinya aliran, tekanan pleura harus lebih
tinggi dari tekanan botol.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X6s2yuyBeSo/TbSlph530DI/AAAAAAAAAHA/kLt_IPKQU0M/s1600/New+Picture+%2835%29.png"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: C:\Documents and Settings\mukmin\My Documents\Data Pemasangan WSD\prosedur-pemasangan-dan-pencabutan-wsd_files\NewPicture283529.png" border="0" height="169" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\mukmin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.png" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Sistem dua botol dengan suction</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem dua botol dapat disambungkan ke suction. Botol
pertama selain menampung drainase juga bertindak sebagai water seal
seperti sistem satu botol. Botol kedua merupakan botol pengontrol
suction. Lubang untuk atmosfir ditempatkan pada botol kedua. Sistem ini memliki
keuntungan dari suction tetapi memiliki kerugian peningkatan tekanan dari
tingkat water seal ketika drainase meningkat.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Sistem tiga botol</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada sistem tiga botol, botol pertama menampung drainase
dari ruang pleura, botol kedua bertindak sebagai water seal dan botol ke tiga
merupakan botol pengontrol suction. Pada sistem ini yang penting kedalaman
selang dibawah air pada botol ketiga dan bukan jumlah penghisap di
dinding yang menentukan jumlah penghisapan yang diberikan pada
selang dada. Jumlah penghisap di dinding yang diberikan pada botol ke tiga
harrus cukup untuk menciptakan putaran lembut gelembung udara dalam botol. Gelembung
kasar menyebabkan kehilangan air, mengubah tekanan penghisap dan meningkatkan
tingkat kebisingan dalam ruangan.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Keuntungan sistem tiga botol :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">- Memungkinkan akumulasi drainase dan keakuratan
pencatatan jumlah drainase </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">- Tingkat water seal stabil</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">- Suction terkontrol</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerugian sistem tiga botol :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">- Lebih kompleks, lebih banyak kesempatan untuk
terjadinya kesalahan dalam pemeliharaan dan perakitan.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">- Ambulasi dan transfer pasien sulit dan beresiko.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rzu5BhJt7p8/TbSlcN7BJWI/AAAAAAAAAG8/ymztt8_pOkg/s1600/New+Picture+%2834%29.png"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: C:\Documents and Settings\mukmin\My Documents\Data Pemasangan WSD\prosedur-pemasangan-dan-pencabutan-wsd_files\NewPicture283429.png" border="0" height="191" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\mukmin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">e. Sistem drainase sekali pakai ( pleur evac)</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem tiga ruang yang memiliki ruang drainase, water
seal dan suction yang terpisah. </span><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Banyak fasilitas kesehatan menggunakan drainase pleur evac sebagai ganti
sistem tiga botol.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Keuntungan drainase pleur evac :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Bahan dari plastik sehingga tidak mudah pecah seperti botol</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Bersifat disposible, bentuk tunggal, ringan dan mudah
dibawa-bawa.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerugian drainase pleur evac :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Harga mahal</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-Kehilangan water seal dan keakuratan pengukuran drainase
bila unit terbalik. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RF9FkqdIVWM/TbSlMuOiygI/AAAAAAAAAG4/xsYXZ9tT2Xo/s1600/New+Picture+%2833%29.png"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: C:\Documents and Settings\mukmin\My Documents\Data Pemasangan WSD\prosedur-pemasangan-dan-pencabutan-wsd_files\NewPicture283329.png" border="0" height="280" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\mukmin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png" width="289" /></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perawatan
yang perlu dilakukan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:
</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Fiksasi chest tube pada dinding
dada dan fiksasi semua sambungan selang dengan baik. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Awasi chest tube supaya tidak
terlipat atau tertekuk </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Catat tanggal dan waktu
pemasangan WSD dan jenis WSD yang digunakan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Cek level water seal chamber
dan suction control chamber </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Perhatikan gelembung udara pada
water seal. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Monitor tanda – tanda vital dan
status pernafasan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Perhatikan dan catat cairan
drainase yang keluar, jumlah dan konsistensinya. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">• Rawat luka drainase. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.7 Komplikasi</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Komplikasi primer : perdarahan,
edema paru, tension pneumothoraks, atrial aritmia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Komplikasi sekunder : infeksi,
emfiema</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Komplikasi lainnya : laserasi ( yang
mencederai organ: hepar, lien), perdarahan, empisema subkutis, tube terlepas,
tube tersumbat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.8 Penatalaksanaan</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur ini dilakukan oleh dokter. Perawat membantu agar
prosedur dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik , dan perawat memberi dukungan moril
pada pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan tempat pemasangan, biasanya
pada sela iga ke IV dan V, di linea aksilaris anterior dan media</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan analgesia / anestesia pada
tempat yang telah ditentukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buat insisi kulit dan sub kutis searah
dengan pinggir iga, perdalam sampai muskulus interkostalis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat inspirasi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan dalam paru-paru > kecil
dibanding tekanan yang ada di dalam WSD</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paru- paru mengembang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note:
Apabila menggunakan WSD tipe satu botol, saat inspirasi cairan biasanya akan
tertarik ke atas, namun tidak sampai masuk kembali ke rongga pleura karena
adanya gaya gravitasi dan perbedaan sifat cairan yang lebih berat daripada udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat ekspirasi: Tekanan dalam
paru- paru > besar dibanding tekanan yang ada di dalam WSD</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masukkan Kelly klem melalui pleura
parietalis kemudian disebarkan. Masukkan jari melalui lubang tersebut. untuk
memastikan sudah sampai rongga pleura / menyentuh paru</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masukkan selang (chest tube) melalui
lubang yang telah dibuat dengan menggunakan Kelly forceps</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chest tube yang telah terpasang,
difiksasi dengan jahitan di dinding dada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chest tube disambung ke WSD yang telah
disiapkan</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.
Foto X-ray dada untuk menilai posisi selang yang telah dimasukkan</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1 PENGKAJIAN</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1.1. Anamnesa</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identitas Pasien</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri dari nama,
umur, suku bangsa, agama, pendidikan, dan pekerjaan.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluhan Utama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluhan utama merupakan keluhan yang
paling utama dirasakan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biasanya pada pasien dengan efusi
pleura didapatkan keluhan berupa : sesak nafas, rasa berat pada dada, nyeri
pleuritik akibat iritasi pleura yang bersifat tajam dan terlokasilir terutama
pada saat batuk dan bernafas serta batuk non produktif, sedangkan pada
pneumothorak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat yang
menceritakan perjalanan penyakit pasien hingga pasien dibawa ke rumah sakit.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat penyakit yang
dulu pernah diderita klien yang berhubungan dengan penyakit yang diderita
pasien sekarang.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat Penyakit Keluarga</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat penyakit yang
mungkin diderita oleh anggota keluarga pasien yang disinyalir sebagai penyebab
penyakit pasien sekarang. Contohnya: Ca paru, TBC, dll.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat Psikososial</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meliputi perasaan
pasien terhadap penyakitnya, bagaimana cara mengatasinya serta bagaimana respon
pasien terhadap tindakan pengobatan yang dilakukan terhadap dirinya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1.2.
Pemeriksaan Fisik </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda-tanda vital meliputi: tekanan
darah, suhu, nadi, dan RR. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat kesadaran pasien perlu dikaji,
apakah composmentis, apatis, somnolen, sopor atau koma. Bagaimana penampilan
pasien secara umum, ekspresi wajah pasien selama dilakukan anamnesa, bagaimana
mood pasien untuk mengetahui tingkat kecemasan dan ketegangan pasien.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ROS (Review of System)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B1
(Breath) </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji ada tidaknya kesulitan bernafas
seperti adanya keluhan sesak</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batuk (produktif atau tidak produktif,
secret, warna, konsistensi, bau)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Irama nafas pasien (teratur/tidak
teratur), takipnea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya peningkatan kerja nafas,
penggunaan otot bantu dada, retraksi interkostal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fremitus fokal</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkusi dada : hipersonor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada inspeksi dan palpasi dada tidak
simetris</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kulit terdapat sianosis, pucat,
krepitasi subkutan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain itu kaji riwayat penyakit paru
kronik, peradangan, infeksi paru, tumor, biopsi paru.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B2
(Blood)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taki kardi, irama jantung tidak teratur
( disaritmia )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara jantung III, IV, galop / gagal
jantung sekunder</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi / hipotensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CRT untuk mengetahui tingkat perfusi
perifer, normalnya < 3 detik</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akral : hangat, panas, dingin, kering
atau basah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B3
(Brain)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan GCS pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan adanya keluhan pusing, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lamanya istirahat/tidur, normal
kebutuhan istirahat tiap hari adalah sekitar 6-7 jam.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ada tidaknya gangguan pada nerves
pendengaran, penglihatan, penciuman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji adanya nyeri, tentukan skala nyeri
pasien, lokasi nyeri misallnya nyeri dada sebelah kanan, frekuensi nyeri
(serangan datang secara tiba-tiba), nyeri bertambah saat bernapas, nyeri
menyebar ke dada, badan dan perut dan hal-hal lain yang berhubungan dengan
nyeri yang dirasakan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B4
(Bladder)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji
beberapa hal yang berhubungan dengan system perkemihan, meliputi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluhan kencing : nocturia, poliuria,
disuria, oliguria, anuria, retensi, inkontinensia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produksi urine tiap hari, warna, dan
bau. Produksi urine normal adalah sekitar 500cc/hari dan berwarna kuning bening</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan kandung kemih : membesar atau
tidak, adanya nyeri tekan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intake cairan tiap hari, pemberiannya
melalui oral atau parenteral. Intake cairan yang normal setiap hari adalah
sekitar 1 liter air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji ada tidaknya penggunaan alat bantu
kateter</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B5
(Bowel)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kaji keadaan mulut pasien: bersih,
kotor atau berbau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Keadaan mukosa: lembab, kerig,
stomatitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tenggorokan : adanya nyeri menelan,
pembesaran tonsil, nyeri tekan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Keadaan abdomen: tegang, kembung atau
ascites</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Adanya nyeri tekan, ada tidaknya luka
bekas operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Peristaltic usus tiap menitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Frekuensi BAB tiap hari da
konsistensinya (keras, lunak, cair atau berdarah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nafsu makan, adanya diet makanan dan
porsi makan tiap hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B6
(Bone)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan pergerakan sendi pasien
(bebas, terbatas)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji adanya kelainan ekstermitas,
kelainan tualang belakang dan fraktur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan kulit: ikteri, siaonis,
kemerahan atau hiperglikemi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan turgor kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1.3.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan laboratorium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Darah lengkap dan kimia darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteriologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis cairan pleura</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan radiologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biopsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1.4
Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketidakefektifan pola pernapasan yang
berhubungan dengan immobilitas, tekanan dan nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyeri dada b.d factor-faktor biologis
(trauma jaringan) dan factor-faktor fisik (pemasangan selang dada)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resiko infeksi b.d terpasangnya benda
asing dalam tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi,
aturan pengobatan berhubungan dengan kurang terpajan informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 3.1.5
Intervensi</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketidakefektifan pola pernapasan yang
berhubungan dengan immobilitas, tekanan dan nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemungkinan
dibuktikan oleh : dispneu, takipneu, perubahan kedalaman pernapasan, penggunaan
otot aksesori, gangguan pengembangan dada, sianosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
: pola nafas efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kriteria
hasil :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Menunjukkan pola napas normal/efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.
Bebas sianosis dan tanda gejala hipoksia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi
:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertahankan posisi
nyaman, biasanya peninggian kepala tempat tidur (head up)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan
inspirasi maksimal, meningkatkan ekspansi paru dan ventilasi pada sisi yang
tak sakit.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila selang dada
dipasang :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Periksa
pengontrol penghisap, batas cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Observasi
gelembung udara botol penampung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Klem
selang pada bagian bawah unit drainase bila terjadi kebocoran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.
Awasi pasang surutnya air penampung dan water seal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.
Catat karakter/jumlah drainase selang dada.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempertahankan
tekanan negative intrapleural sesuai yang diberikan, yang meningkatkan
ekspansi paru optimum dan/ atau drainase cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelembung udara
selama ekspirasi menunjukkan lubang angin dari pneumothorak. Naik turunnya
gelembung udara menunjukkan ekspansi paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengisolasi lokasi
kebocoran udara pusat system</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fluktuasi (pasang
surut) menunjukkan perbedaan tekanan inspirasi dan eksprirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berguna dalam
menevaluasi perbaikan kondisi/terjadinya komplikasi atau perdarahan yang
memerlukan upaya intervensi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan oksigen
melalui kanul/masker, latih napas dalam dan batuk efektif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat dalam
menurunkan kerja napas; meningkatkan penghilangan distress respirasi dan
sianosis b.d hipoksemia.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perawatan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Observasi pola
napas dan komplikasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agar pasien tercukupi
oksigennya dan pola napasnya efektif, serta untuk mencegah terjadinya
komplikasi yang bias memperparah kondisi klien</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyeri dada b.d faktor-faktor biologis (trauma jaringan) dan
factor-faktor fisik (pemasangan selang dada)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemungkinan
dibuktikan dengan : RR dan nadi meningkat, raut wajah pasien seperti menahan
rasa sakit, pasien merasa tidak nyaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
: kenyamanan pasien terpenuhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kriteria
hasil: - nyeri berkurang bahkan hilang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
RR dan nadi kembali normal yaitu 16-20x/menit dan 60-100x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Intervensi :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Berikan tehnik relaksasi distraksi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengalihkan
perhatian apsien terhadap rasa nyerinya sehingga nyeri pasien berkurang</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Jika nyeri tidak berkurang,kolaborasikan dengan dokter untuk pemberian obat analgesik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengurangi
tingakt nyeri yang dirasakan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Observasi
skala nyeri setelah intervensi yang telah dilakukan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai
evaluasi terhadap interensi yang telah dilakukan dan untuk merencanakan
intervensi selanjutnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resiko infeksi b.d terpasangnya benda asing dalam tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemungkina
dibuktikan oleh: adanya inflamasi didaerah yang terpasang WSD, suhu tubuh
meningkat, nyeri pada daerah yang terpasang WSD</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
: tidak terjadi infekasi pada pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kriteria
hasil : - tidak terjadi infalamsi pada daerah yang terpasang WSD</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Tidak timbul rasa nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Suhu tubuh normal (36,5-37,5)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi
:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rawat daerah yang
terpasang WSD secara teratur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menjaga
kebersihan daerah yang terpasang WSD sehingga dapat meminimalisir peluang
terjadinya infeksi.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ajarkan kepada
keluarga untuk merawat daerah WSD dan instruksikan untuk merawatnya secara
teratur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk melindungi
tubuh dari resiko infeksi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ajarkan pasien
tehnik mencuci tangan yang benar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ajarkan kepada
pengunjung untuk mencuci tangan sewaktu masuk dan meninggalkan ruang pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ajarkan kepada
pasien dan keluarga tanda/gejala infeksi dan kapan harus melaporkan ke pusat
kesehatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencegah
kontaminasi lingkungan terhadap pasien yang dapat emmicu terjadinya infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendeteksi adanya
infeksi sedini mungkin sehingga dapa segera dilakukan tindakan agar infeksi
tidak semakin parah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolaborasikan untuk
member antibiotik jika diperlukan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengendalikan
factor pemicu infeksi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batasi jumlah
pengunjung jika diperlukan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meminimalkan pemicu
infeksi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi, aturan pengobatan
berhubungan dengan kurang terpajan informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemungkinan
dibuktikan dengan : pasien sering bertanya, ketidakakuratan mengikuti
instruksi, pasien tampak gelisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
: pengetahuan pasien dapat terpenuhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kriteria
hasil: - pasien mengungkapkan pemahaman tentang kondisi/ proses penyakit dan
rencana pengobatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Pasien berpartisipasi dalam program pengobatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi
:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan peran aktif
pasien/ orang terdekat dalam proses belajar, misalnya: diskusi, partisipasi
kelompok</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belajar
ditingkatkan bila individu secara aktif berperan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan informasi
tertulis dan verbal sesuai indikasi. Masukkan daftar artikel dan buku yang
berhubungan dengan kebutuhan pasien/ keluarga dan dorong membaca dan
memdiskusikan apa yang mereka pelajari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu pasien dan
orang terdekat membuat pilihan berdasarkan informasi tentang masa depan.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Informasikan kepada
pasien tentang efek-efek pemasangan WSD</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengurangi ras
cemas pasien akibat terpasangnya alat di tubuhnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 213.75pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjau ulang
pengetahuan pasien akan penyakit dan proses pengobatannya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 214.5pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui
keefektifan intervensi yang telah dilakukan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB IV</span></b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1 Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WSD
merupakan tindakan invasive yang dilakukan untuk mengeluarkan udara, cairan
(darah,pus) dari rongga pleura, rongga thorax; dan mediastinum dengan
menggunakan pipa penghubung untuk mempertahankan tekanan negatif rongga
tersebut. Dalam keadaan normal rongga pleura memiliki tekanan negatif dan hanya
terisi sedikit cairan pleura / lubrican.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan pemasangan WSD
antara lain :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengeluarkan cairan atau darah,
udara dari rongga pleura dan rongga thorak</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengembalikan tekanan negative
pada rongga pleura</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengembangkan kembali paru yang
kolaps</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencegah refluks drainage kembali
ke dalam rongga dada</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengalirkan / drainage udara atau
cairan dari rongga pleura untuk mempertahankan tekanan negatif rongga
tersebut</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2 Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika nyeri tidak
berkurang,kolaborasikan dengan dokter untuk pemberian obat analgesic, saat
pasien sudah dipersilakan untuk rawat jalan Ajarkan kepada keluarga untuk
merawat daerah WSD dan instruksikan untuk merawatnya secara teratur. Berikan
informasi tertulis dan verbal sesuai indikasi. Masukkan daftar artikel dan buku
yang berhubungan dengan kebutuhan pasien/ keluarga dan dorong membaca dan
memdiskusikan apa yang mereka pelajari.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anonymous. 2008.
www.asuhan-keperawatan-patriani.blogspot.com , Diakses 2 Maret 2013 Jam 21.27
WIB</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anonymous. 2008. www.contoh-askep.blogspot.com
, Diakses pada 2 Maret2013 Jam 21.16 WIB</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carpenito, Lynda
Juall.2000.Sistem Pernapasan.EGC:Jakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muttaqin, Arif, 2008. <i>Asuhan
Keperawatan Klien dengan Gangguan Sistem Pernapasan.</i> Salemba Medika:
Jakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://tutorialkuliah.wordpress.com/2008/12/12/water-seal-drainage-wsd/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://tutorialkuliah.wordpress.com/2008/12/12/water-seal-drainage-wsd/</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Diakses 3 Maret 2013 jam 21.22
WIB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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</div>
rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-56987791417973428892013-05-20T08:56:00.002-07:002013-05-20T08:56:57.004-07:00"Lebay"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
hemm aq binggung mau cerita apa dan dari mna q mau memulai cerita ini, pertama-tama kenalkan aq Acmad Rizqi Rustiansyah biasa di pangil Rizqi aku mau cerita ne frend sama kalian-kalian semua.<br />
aq binggu sama diri q sendiri ne, gak tau kenapa aq susah sekali tuk mendapatkan pacar, gak seperti orang-orang yang lain mudah banget mendapatkan pacar gonta ganti pacar, sedangkan aq mendapatkan pacar aja belum perna apa lagi gonta ganti pacar, hhehehehe :')<br />
aq binggu ne kenapa dengan diriku ini susah sekali tuk mendapatkan pacar. padahal tampang oke gaya oke dompet pun gak masalah tapi kenapa ya cwe gak mau sama aq. apa q ini orang nya milih-milih cwek ya atau aq ini cuek ya sama cwe, mungkin takut cwe deket sama aq sangkin aq cuek nya.<br />
tapi aq berusaha tuk mendpatkan wanita impianku yg akan menemani q dalam kehidupan q nanti.<br />
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rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-68453305529220653462013-05-06T18:10:00.000-07:002013-05-06T18:10:12.825-07:00HANYA ISYARAT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
...aku sampai di bagian bahwa</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
aku telah jatuh cinta</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
namun orang itu hanya dapat</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
kugapai sebatas punggungnya saja</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
seseorang yang hadir di hidupku</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
bagai bintang jatuh</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
yang lenyap keluar dari bingkai mata</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
sebelum tanggan ini sangup mengejar,</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
seseorang yang hanya bisa kukirimi</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
isyarat sehalus udara,langit,awan ,</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
atau ujan.</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
(sepenggal faksi hanya isyarat) </h4>
</div>
rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-30837273452786566482013-04-24T07:06:00.002-07:002013-04-24T07:06:47.614-07:00MACAM-MACAM JODOH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h5 class="uiStreamMessage userContentWrapper" data-ft="{"type":1,"tn":"K"}">
<span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}"><span class="userContent"><span>❤❀.♥Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim♥</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break"></span>.❀❤<br /> <br /> "JODOH ITU ADA 3 MACAM"<br /> <br /> 1. Jodoh dari Syaitan :<br /><span class="text_exposed_show"> Kamu berdua berkenalan, berpegangan tangan dan terus buat maksiat. Akhirnya si wanita mengandung baru kamu menikah.<br /> <br /> 2. Jodoh dari Jin :<br />
Kamu berdua berkenalan. Kamu suka pada dia. Tapi dia tidak suka padamu.
Akhirnya cinta di tolak dukun bertindak, dan akhirnya dia mau menikah
denganmu.<br /> <br /> 3. Jodoh dari Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala :<br /> Kamu
berdua berpandangan mata. yang akhirnya menusuk ke kalbu, Kamu meminang
dia, dan dia menerima pinangan kamu. dan kamu berdua menikah, tulus
ikhlas hanya karena Allah, maka insya'Allah kekal hingga akhir hayat.<br /> Dan itulah yang di katakan CINTA SEJATI sampai syurga. <br /> InsyaAllah,<br /> Aamiin Allahumma Aamiin.</span></span></span></h5>
</div>
rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-8197710196697883072013-04-12T05:38:00.001-07:002013-04-12T05:43:41.022-07:00Cowok Gagal Mendapatkan Hati Si Dia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Beberapa Hal Yang Membuat Cowok Gagal Mendapatkan Hati Si Dia<br /><span class="userContent"> <br />
Cinta itu adalah buta sehingga harus meraba-raba. Cinta adalah kata
terindah yang pernah diucapkan. Dan cinta jualah yang menjadi awal
sebuah peperangan. Tidak setiap cowok didunia dapat mendapatkan cinta
dari si cewek. Karena ceweklah yang paling utama menentukan apakah anda
pantas menjadi cowok idaman atau tidak. Beberapa hal yang me<span class="text_exposed_show">mbuat anda (cowok) gagal mendapatkan si dia<br /> <br /> 1. Sifat kekanak-kanakan<br />
Nggak ada cewek yang suka melihat anda kekanak-kanakan. suka ngambek,
suka ribut, suka cari masalah, tergantung orang lain, dsb.<br /> <br /> 2. Ngebadut<br />
Banyak teman-teman saya yang berprofesi sebagai playboy :) .
Mensarankan untuk tidak ngebadut di depan cewek. Pertama aku juga
bingung. Maksudnya apa ngebadut. Apa jadi badut betulan? tampang saya
emang nggak cakep-cakep amat sih bahkan cenderung jelek, tapi kalau
mirip badut…nggak deh.<br /> <br /> Ternyata..ngebadut yang dimaksud ini
adalah bercanda untuk menghibur si cewek. Merelakan diri untuk menjadi
obyek lelucon. Melakukan hal-hal konyol untuk membuat si dia happy.<br />
Anda disini tidak saling bercanda dengan si cewek melainkan anda menjadi
bahan lelucon supaya si cewek bahagia. Jika anda tetap seperti itu anda
hanya dianggap boneka mainan oleh si cewek. Dianggap Pacar atau
suami…jangan berharap.<br /> <br /> 3. Khawatir Tampang<br /> Banyak orang
menganggap bahwa mempunyai tampang ganteng akan mudah meraih pacar.
Memang IYA. Namun tidak untuk menjadi suami. Menurut penelitan sumber
yang mungkin terpercaya bahwa wanita lebih memilih Pria yang dewasa.
Tampang no sekian. Asal punya tampang nggak jelek-jelek amat.<br /> <br /> 4. Tidak Menjadi pemimpin<br />
Jika anda benar-benar lelaki sejati. Anda harus menunjukkan bahwa anda
memang seorang pria yang akan menjadi pemimpin. Hal ini sudah terjadi
selama ribuan tahun…dan jangan diubah. Gampang nya! Saat anda ingin
menelepon si dia..Anda yang harus pertama nelpon dan ngomong ke dia.
Kemuadian anda yang menentukan topik pembicaraan. Jika ingin pergi ke
bioskop anda yang menentukan film apa yang ingin ditonton. Jika ingin
pergi ke tempat wisata anda juga berkewajiban dalam menetapkan tempat
wisata yang akan dituju.<br /> <br /> 5. Memanjakan cewek<br /> Kesahalan
fatal seorang laki-laki. Adalah terlalu memanjakan si dia. Kita ambil
contoh aja…Membelikan banyak hadiah mahal tiap ketemu, mentraktir ke
semua restoran mahal di penjuru kota. Cewek memang akan suka dengan hal
itu. Tapi itu tidak lebih dari fasilitas yang anda berikan. Bukan karena
ketulisan dari dalam hati mereka.<br /> <br /> Dan anda hanya akan dianggap
sebagai pria yang ngarep untuk dicintai. Tidak lebih dari itu
Berikalanlah benda sewajarnya dan pada hari-hari tertentu saja. Kecuali
jika si cewek itu telah menjadi istri anda.Semoga bermanfaat jika anda
ingin menjadi lelaki playboy atau cowok idaman.</span></span></div>
rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-10538459533662288472013-04-04T00:37:00.004-07:002013-04-04T09:44:06.931-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: left;">
Selamat Ulang Tahun untuk Diri Sendiri
</h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-szIJbJ37_5M/UV0ks35aIKI/AAAAAAAAAKw/Wt63CvKKMbg/s1600/IMG00999-20130404-0006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-szIJbJ37_5M/UV0ks35aIKI/AAAAAAAAAKw/Wt63CvKKMbg/s320/IMG00999-20130404-0006.jpg" width="320" /></a> <span style="font-size: large;">Hari ini tanggal 04 april tepat pukul 00.01 umurku sudah bertambah, dan mulai banyak teman-teman yang memberi ucapan selamat,, Happy bday <a class="twitter-atreply pretty-link" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/rizqirustiansya"><s>@</s><b>rizqirustiansya</b></a> , moga Allah kan sllu merodhoi tiap langkah kakimu. itu salah satu ucapan yang di berikan kepadaku di akun twitt..</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> akan tetapi kenapa ulang tahun ku tahun ini sangatlah berbeda, gak ada
gairah, semangat , mungkin karena tidak ada seorang ibu dan ayah serta adik" ku yang selalu
bingung ketika anak laki-lakinya mau ulang tahun, sibuk mau bikin acara
perayaan..</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
akan tetapi yang ibu dan ayah serta adik" itu sekarang sudah tidak ada di palembang, akan tetapi aku yakin ibu dan ayah serta adik" ku pasti sedang melihat aku
sekarang dan memberikan ucapan selamat kepada anak laki-lakinya .. ibu yah adik" ku Rizqi sayang kalian sayangggg bangettttttttt....... ( sambil netesin air
mata ) #bukan cengeng lhooooo...!!!!!<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> dan nambah parahnya tahun ini aku ulang tahun pas gak ada pacarr.. hikk hikk... >.<</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
tapi gak apa-apa lah masih ada teman-taman q yang selalu ada di samping aku dan menyuport ku dari belakang. . .<br />
tapi gak apa-apa semangattt...<br />
hidup itu bergerak dan terus mengalir, waktu tidak akan berhenti.<br />
jadi buat apa mengeluh dan terpuruk..<br />
RIZQI
BISA......!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> seperti kata yang selalu aku ucapkan ketika siaran radio " Jangan pernak katakan tidak bisa, tapi katakan aku bisa"</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
AKU BISA BUAT NGEJALANI SEMUA INI..<br />
karena ini ujian tuhan agar aku lebih dewasa,<br />
apalagi umurku sudah bertambah, harus bisa memilih mana yang baik dan
buruk dan bisa mengambil hikmah dari setiap kejadian-kejadian,, dan yang
terpenting aku tidak boleh mengeluhh...<br />
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
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"<span style="color: lime;"><i>SELAMAT ULANG TAHUN BUAT DIRIKU.<br />TAHUN INI HARUS LEBIH BAIK DARI TAHUN KEMARIN<br />AMBIL SEMUA KEJADIAN KEMARIN MENJADI PEMBELAJARAN UNTUK MENJADIKAN LEBIH BAIK LAGI</i></span>"</div>
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<h5 class="uiStreamMessage userContentWrapper" data-ft="{"type":1,"tn":"K"}" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}"><span class="userContent"> <span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: large;">mandi kue + air mlm2 bersama <span style="font-size: large;">sahabat-sahabat ku</span></span></span></span></span></h5>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
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rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-68171711761935916672013-04-02T04:48:00.005-07:002013-04-02T04:48:49.989-07:00CINTA SAYANG<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
apa artinya CINTA buat kamu, dan apa jg artinya SAYANG buat kamu...<br /> setiap hubungan tu di dasari oleh kasih sayang dan perhatian...<br /> bukan dengan ego, di saat kau butuh baru di namakan CINTA dan SAYANG<><><br /> tap di saat Q butuh kw malah sibuk dengan duniamu sendiri...<br /> apakah tu di sebut SAYANG, bagi ku tu bukan SAYANG, ..</div>
rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-1992745650616743992013-03-20T08:01:00.001-07:002013-03-20T08:01:42.504-07:00ASKEP TRAUMA CAPITIS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="fullpost1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">OLEH:</span></b></span></div>
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Rustiansyah</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">11142013316</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KELAS:PSIK.REG
A4/4</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PROGRAM STUDI
ILMU KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">SEKOLAH TINGGI
ILMU KESEHATAN BINA HUSADA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PALEMBANG</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2013</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Segala puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan
Yang Maha Esa karena berkat rahmat dan ridho-Nyalah penulis dapat menyelesaikan
Makalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Asuhan
Keperawatan Cedera Kepala</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ini
dengan tepat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">waktu
dan tanpa hambatan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Makalah ini disusun untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kardiovaskuler
2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penulis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">mengucapkan terima kasih kepada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pak
Romliyadi,S.Kep, Ners </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">selaku dosen pembimbing
mata kuliah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kardivaskuler 2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penulis
juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang telah membantu dalam
penyelesaian makalah ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari
sempurna.oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat
membangun dari para pembaca.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Semoga makalah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Palembang,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Maret 2013</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penulis</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAFTAR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ISI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">....................................................................................... </span>i</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAFTAR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ISI</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">...................................................................................................... </span>ii</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................... </span>1</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.1 Latar Belakang<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.................................................................................... </span>1</span></div>
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1.2
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.................................................................................................. </span>2</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB II </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ANATOMI FISIOLOGI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">....................................................................... </span>3</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2.1 Anatomi dan Fisiologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">......................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB III </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">TINJAUAN
TEORI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">............................................................................ </span>9</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Definisi
Cedera Kepala</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">....................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">9</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">
Etiologi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span>9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.3 Patofisiologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">......................................................................................... </span>10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.4 Manesfestasi Klinis<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span>11</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.5 Pemeriksaan Penunjang<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">....................................................................... </span>12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.6 Komplikasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................................................................................... </span>12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.7 Penatalaksanaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................... </span>13</span></div>
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ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN CEDERA KEPALA<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................ </span>15</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB V
PENUTUP<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.............................................................................................. </span>28</span></b></div>
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Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................................................................................... </span>28</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latar Belakang</b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cedera kepala adalah trauma mekanik pada
kepala yang terjadi baik secara langsung yang kemudian dapat berakibat kepada
gangguan fungsi neurologis, fungsi fisik,kognitif, psikososial, bersifat
temporer atau permanen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(www.yayanakhyar.com.nr/200905).
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap tahun di Amerika
Serikat, mencatat 1,7 juta kasus trauma kepala 52.000 pasien meninggal dan
selebihnya dirawat inap. Trauma kepala juga merupakan penyebab kematian ketiga
dari semua jenis trauma dikaitkan dengan kematin. Menurut Penelitian yang dilakukan
oleh <i>Natroma Trauma Project di Islamic Republik of Iran</i> bahwa, diantara
semua jenis trauma tertinggi yang dilaporkan yaitu sebanyak 78,7 % trauma
kepala dan kematian paling banyak juga disebabkan oleh trauma kepala
(Karbakhsh, zand, Rouzrokh, Zarei, 2009). Rata – rata rawat inap pada laki –
laki dan wanita akibat terjatuh dengan diagnosa trauma kepala sebanyak 146,3
per 100.000 dan 158,3 per 100.000 (Thomas 2006). Angka kematian trauma
kepala akibat terjatuh lebih tinggi pada laki – laki dibanding perempuan
yaitu sebanyak 26,9 per 100.000 dan 1,8 per 100.000. Bagi lansia pada usia 65
tahun keatas, kematian akibat trauma kepala mencatat 16.000 kematian dari 1,8
juta lansia di Amerika yang mengalami trauma kepala akibat terjatuh. Menurut
Kraus (1993), dalam penelitiannya ditemukan bahwa anak remaja hingga dewasa
muda mengalami cedera kepala akibat terlibat dalam kecelakaan lalu lintas dan
akibat kekerasan sedangkan orang yang lebih tua cenderung mengalami trauma
kepala disebabkan oleh terjatuh.Menurut data yang diperolah dari rekam medik
RSUD Atambua, pada tiga tahun terakhir ini yaitu : tahun 2008 terdiri dari 142
orang, laki –laki : 107 orang ( 75,3 %), perempuan : 42 orang (29,5 %), Tahun
2009 : 163 orang, laki – laki : 140 orang (85,8 %), perempuan : 23 orang (13,6
%), Tahun 2010 : 175 orang, laki – laki : 149 orang (85,1 %), perempuan : 26
orang ( 14,8 %).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia sebagai negara
berkembang ikut merasakan kemajuan teknologi, diantaranya bidang transportasi.
Dengan majunya transportasi, mobilitas penduduk pun ikut meningkat. Namun
akibat kemajuan ini, juga berdampak negatif yaitu semakin tingginya angka
kecelakaan lalu lintas karena ketidak hati – hatian dalam berkendaraan.
Sehingga dapat mengakibatkan berbagai cedera. Salah satu cedera yang sering
terjadi pada saat kecelakan lalu lintas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah cedera kepala</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><a href="http://repository.usu.ac.id/%20bitstream/%20%2012345678"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://repository.usu.ac.id/
bitstream/ 12345678</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> /16495/5.chapter%201.pdf)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cedera kepala menduduki
tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas tertinggi, oleh karena itu diperlukan
pemahaman dan pengelolaan yang lebih baik terutama tentang penanganan (A, B, C,
D, E), pencegahan cedera otak sekunder dan cara merujuk penderita secepat
mungkin oleh untuk petugas kesehatan yang berada digaris depan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tujuan </b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. Tujuan Umum</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mahasiswa mampu
mengembangkan pola pikir ilmiah dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien
cedera kepala dengan pendekatan proses keperawatan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Tujuan khusus</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">a) Mahasiswa mampu
melaksanakan pengkajian pada pasien cedera kepala.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">b) Mahasiswa mampu
merumuskan diagnosa keperawatan pada pasien dengan cedera kepala.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">c) Mahasiswa mampu
membuat rencana tindakan keperawatan pada pasien dengan cedera kepala.</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN">BAB II</span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN">ANATOMI FISIOLOGI</span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="IN">2.1
Anatomi </span></strong></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">2.1.1 Kulit Kepala</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Kulit
kepala terdiri dari 5 lapisan yang disebut SCALP yaitu; <em>skin</em> atau
kulit, <em>connective tissue</em> atau jaringan penyambung, <em>aponeurosis</em>
atau <em>galea aponeurotika</em>, <em>loose conective tissue</em> atau jaringan
penunjang longgar dan <em>pericranium </em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://yayanakhyar.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/belibis_a-17_lapisan-kepal.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://yayanakhyar.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/belibis_a-17_lapisan-kepal.jpg?w=500" border="0" height="276" src="file:///C:\Users\rizki\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="575" /></span></span></a><br />
<strong>Gambar 1</strong>. Lapisan Kranium</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">2.1.2 Tulang Tengkorak</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Tulang
tengkorak terdiri dari kubah (kalvaria) dan basis kranii<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulang tengkorak terdiri dari beberapa tulang
yaitu frontal, parietal, temporal dan oksipital . Kalvaria khususnya diregio
temporal adalah tipis, namun disini dilapisi oleh otot temporalis. Basis cranii
berbentuk tidak rata sehingga dapat melukai bagian dasar otak saat bergerak
akibat proses akselerasi dan deselerasi. Rongga tengkorak dasar dibagi atas 3
fosa yaitu : fosa anterior tempat lobus frontalis, fosa media tempat temporalis
dan fosa posterior ruang bagi bagian bawah batang otak dan serebelum .<span style="color: white;">-</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">2.1.3 Meningen</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Selaput
meningen menutupi seluruh permukaan otak dan terdiri dari 3 lapisan yaitu :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">1. Dura mater</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Dura
mater secara konvensional terdiri atas dua lapisan yaitu lapisan endosteal dan
lapisan meningeal . Dura mater merupakan selaput yang keras, terdiri atas
jaringan ikat fibrisa yang melekat erat pada permukaan dalam dari kranium.
Karena tidak melekat pada selaput arachnoid di bawahnya, maka terdapat suatu
ruang potensial (ruang subdura) yang terletak antara dura mater dan arachnoid,
dimana sering dijumpai perdarahan subdural. Pada cedera otak, pembuluh-pembuluh
vena yang berjalan pada permukaan otak menuju sinus sagitalis superior di garis
tengah atau disebut <em>Bridging Veins</em>, dapat mengalami robekan dan
menyebabkan perdarahan subdural. Sinus sagitalis superior mengalirkan darah
vena ke sinus transversus dan sinus sigmoideus. Laserasi dari sinus-sinus ini dapat
mengakibatkan perdarahan hebat </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Arteri-arteri
meningea terletak antara dura mater dan permukaan dalam dari kranium (ruang
epidural). Adanya fraktur dari tulang kepala dapat menyebabkan laserasi pada
arteri-arteri ini dan menyebabkan perdarahan epidural. Yang paling sering
mengalami cedera adalah arteri meningea media yang terletak pada fosa
temporalis (fosa media) .</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2. Selaput
Arakhnoid</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Selaput
arakhnoid merupakan lapisan yang tipis dan tembus pandang . Selaput arakhnoid
terletak antara pia mater sebelah dalam dan dura mater sebelah luar yang
meliputi otak. Selaput ini dipisahkan dari dura mater oleh ruang potensial,
disebut <em>spatium subdural</em> dan dari pia mater oleh <em>spatium
subarakhnoid</em> yang terisi oleh <em>liquor serebrospinalis</em>. Perdarahan
sub arakhnoid umumnya disebabkan akibat cedera kepala .</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">3. Pia mater</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Pia
mater melekat erat pada permukaan korteks serebri <sup>(3)</sup>. Pia mater
adarah membrana vaskular yang dengan erat membungkus otak, meliputi gyri dan
masuk kedalam sulci yang paling dalam. Membrana ini membungkus saraf otak dan
menyatu dengan epineuriumnya. Arteri-arteri yang masuk kedalam substansi otak
juga diliputi oleh pia mater</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Otak merupakan suatu struktur gelatin
yang mana berat pada orang dewasa sekitar 14 kg . Otak terdiri dari beberapa
bagian yaitu; Proensefalon (otak depan) terdiri dari serebrum dan diensefalon,
mesensefalon (otak tengah) dan rhombensefalon (otak belakang) terdiri dari
pons, medula oblongata dan serebellum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fisura membagi otak menjadi beberapa lobus.
Lobus frontal berkaitan dengan fungsi emosi, fungsi motorik dan pusat ekspresi
bicara. Lobus parietal berhubungan dengan fungsi sensorik dan orientasi ruang.
Lobus temporal mengatur fungsi memori tertentu. Lobus oksipital
bertanggungjawab dalam proses penglihatan. Mesensefalon dan pons bagian atas
berisi sistem aktivasi retikular yang berfungsi dalam kesadaran dan kewapadaan.
Pada medula oblongata terdapat pusat kardiorespiratorik. Serebellum
bertanggungjawab dalam fungsi koordinasi dan keseimbangan .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_slaDH4_nRyc/R5CVTpu98QI/AAAAAAAAAFM/m_E2TKf_F8k/s1600-h/Lobus+otak.JPG"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bp1.blogger.com/_slaDH4_nRyc/R5CVTpu98QI/AAAAAAAAAFM/m_E2TKf_F8k/s400/Lobus+otak.JPG" border="0" height="196" src="file:///C:\Users\rizki\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="500" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Lobus-lobus Otak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.4 Cairan
serebrospinalis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan serebrospinal (CSS) dihasilkan oleh
plexus khoroideus dengan kecepatan produksi sebanyak 20 ml/jam. CSS mengalir
dari dari ventrikel lateral melalui foramen monro menuju ventrikel III,
akuaduktus dari <i>sylvius</i> menuju ventrikel IV. CSS akan direabsorbsi ke
dalam sirkulasi vena melalui granulasio arakhnoid yang terdapat pada sinus
sagitalis superior. Adanya darah dalam CSS dapat menyumbat granulasio arakhnoid
sehingga mengganggu penyerapan CSS dan menyebabkan kenaikan takanan
intrakranial . Angka rata-rata pada kelompok populasi dewasa volume CSS sekitar
150 ml dan dihasilkan sekitar 500 ml CSS per hari . </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.5
Tentorium</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentorium serebeli membagi rongga tengkorak
menjadi ruang supratentorial (terdiri dari fosa kranii anterior dan fosa kranii
media) dan ruang infratentorial (berisi fosa kranii posterior) .</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.6
Perdarahan Otak</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Otak disuplai oleh dua arteri carotis interna
dan dua arteri vertebralis. Keempat arteri ini beranastomosis pada permukaan
inferior otak dan membentuk circulus Willisi. Vena-vena otak tidak mempunyai
jaringan otot didalam dindingnya yang sangat tipis dan tidak mempunyai katup.
Vena tersebut keluar dari otak dan bermuara ke dalam sinus venosus cranialis .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="style8" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">2.2 Fisiologi Kepala</span></strong></div>
<div class="style8" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Tekanan
intrakranial (TIK) dipengaruhi oleh volume darah intrakranial, cairan
secebrospinal dan parenkim otak. Dalam keadaan normal TIK orang dewasa dalam
posisi terlentang sama dengan tekanan CSS yang diperoleh dari lumbal pungsi
yaitu 4 – 10 mmHg . Kenaikan TIK dapat menurunkan perfusi otak dan menyebabkan
atau memperberat iskemia. Prognosis yang buruk terjadi pada penderita dengan
TIK lebih dari 20 mmHg, terutama bila menetap .</span></div>
<div class="style8" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pada saat
cedera, segera terjadi massa seperti gumpalan darah dapat terus bertambah
sementara TIK masih dalam keadaan normal. Saat pengaliran CSS dan darah
intravaskuler mencapai titik dekompensasi maka TIK secara cepat akan meningkat.
Sebuah konsep sederhana dapat menerangkan tentang dinamika TIK. Konsep utamanya
adalah bahwa volume intrakranial harus selalu konstan, konsep ini dikenal
dengan Doktrin Monro-Kellie .</span></div>
<div class="style8" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Otak
memperoleh suplai darah yang besar yaitu sekitar 800ml/min atau 16% dari
cardiac output, untuk menyuplai oksigen dan glukosa yang cukup . Aliran darah
otak (ADO) normal ke dalam otak pada orang dewasa antara 50-55 ml per 100 gram
jaringan otak per menit. Pada anak, ADO bisa lebih besar tergantung pada
usainya . ADO dapat menurun 50% dalam 6-12 jam pertama sejak cedera pada
keadaan cedera otak berat dan koma. ADO akan meningkat dalam 2-3 hari
berikutnya, tetapi pada penderita yang tetap koma ADO tetap di bawah normal
sampai beberapa hari atau minggu setelah cedera. Mempertahankan tekanan perfusi
otak/TPO (MAP-TIK) pada level 60-70 mmHg sangat rirekomendasikan untuk meningkatkan
ADO <sup>.</sup></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">TINJAUAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>TEORI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo30; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengertian</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Cedera kepala adalah
serangkaian kejadian patofisiologik yang terjadi setelah trauma kepala ,yang
dapat melibatkan kulit kepala ,tulang dan jaringan otak atau kombinasinya
(Standar Pelayanan Medis ,RS Dr.Sardjito)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Cedera kepala merupakan
salah satu penyebab kematian dan kecacatan utama pada kelompok usia
produktif dan sebagian besar terjadi akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas .(Mansjoer
Arif ,dkk ,2000)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Trauma kepala adalah
suatu trauma yang mengenai daerah kulit kepala, tulang tengkorak atau otak yang
terjadi akibat injury baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung pada kepala.
(Suriadi & Rita Yuliani, 2001)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Cedera kepala yaitu
adanya deformitas berupa penyimpangan bentuk atau penyimpangan garis pada tulang
tengkorak, percepatan dan perlambatan (accelerasi – descelarasi) yang merupakan
perubahan bentuk dipengaruhi oleh perubahan peningkatan pada percepatan factor
dan penurunan percepatan, serta rotasi yaitu pergerakan pada kepala dirasakan
juga oleh otak sebagai akibat perputaran pada tindakan pencegahan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Trauma kepala termasuk
kejadian trauma pada kulit kepala, tengkorak atau otak. Batas trauma kepala
digunakan terutama untuk mengetahui trauma cranicerebral, termasuk gangguan
kesadaran. Kematian akibat trauma kepala terjadi pada tiga waktu setelah
injuri, yaitu meliputi:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Segera setelah injuri</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dalam waktu 2 jam setelah injuri</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rata-rata 3 minggu setelah injuri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pada
umumnya kematian terjadi segera setelah injuri dimana terjadi trauma langsung
pada kepala, atau perdarahan yang hebat dan syok. Kematian yang terjadi dalam
beberapa jam setelah trauma disebabkan oleh kondisi klien memburuk secara
progresif akibat perdarahan internal. Pencatatan segera tentang status
neurologus dan intervensi surgical merupakan tindakan kritis guna pencegahan
kematian pada fase ini. Kematian yang terjadi 3 minggu atau lebih setelah
injuri disebabkan oleh berbagai kegegelan system tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo30; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Etiologi</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kecelakaan lalu lintas (kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor
atau sepeda, dan mobil)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kecelakaan kerja</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Trauma pada olah raga</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejatuhan benda atau jatuh dari tempat tinggi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Luka tembak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cedera akibat kekerasan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="277" src="file:///C:\Users\rizki\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="425" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo30; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Patofisiologi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Otak dapat berfungsi dengan baik bila kebutuhan
oksigen dan glukosa dapat terpenuhi, energi yang dihasilkan di dalam sel – sel
syaraf hampir seluruhnya melalui proses oksidasi. Otak tidak mempunyai cadangan
oksigen, jadi kekurangan aliran darah ke otak walaupun sebentar akan
menyebabkan gangguan fungsi. Demikian pula dengan kebutuhan oksigen sebagai
bahan bakar metabolisme otak tidak boleh kurang dari 20 mg % karena akan
menimbulkan koma, kebutuhan glukosa sebanyak 25 % dari seluruh kebutuhan tubuh,
sehingga bila kadar oksigen plasma turun sampai 70 % akan terjadi gejala –
gejala permulaan disfungsi cerebral. Pada saat otak mengalami hipoksia, tubuh
berusaha memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen melalui proses metabolisme anaerob yang
dapat menyebabkan dilatasi pembuluh darah. Pada kontusio berat, hipoksia atau
kerusakan otak akan terjadi penimbunan asam laktat akibat metabolisme anaerob.
Hal ini akan menyebabkan oksidasi metabolisme anaerob. Hal ini akan menyebabkan
asidosis metababolik. Dalam keadaan normal Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) adalah 50
– 60 ml / menit 100 gr. Jaringan otak yang merupakan 15 % dari cardiac output.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trauma kepala menyebabkan perubahan fungsi
jantung sekuncup aktifitas atypical myocardial, perubahan tekanan vaskuler dan
udema paru. Perubahan otonim pada fungsi ventrikel adalah perubahan gelombang T
dan P aritmia, fibrilasi atrium dan ventrikel serta takikardi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akibat adanya perdarahan otak akan mempengaruhi
tekanan vaskuler, dimana penurunan tekanan vaskuler akan menyebabkan pembuluh
darah arteriol akan berkontraksi. Pengaruh persyarafan simpatik dan
parasimpatik pada pembuluh darah arteri dan arteriol otak tidak begitu besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo30; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manifestasi
klinik</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manifestasi klinik dari cedera kepala
tergantung dari berat ringannya cedera kepala.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perubahan kesadaran adalah merupakan indicator yang
paling sensitive yang dapat dilihat dengan penggunaan GCS ( Glascow Coma Scale)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Peningkatan TIK yang mempunyai trias Klasik seperti :
nyeri kepala karena regangan dura dan pembuluh darah; papil edema yang
disebabkan oleh tekanan dan pembengkakan diskus optikus; muntah seringkali
proyektil.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo30; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemeriksaan penunjang</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>CT Scan: tanpa/dengan kontras) mengidentifikasi adanya
hemoragik, menentukan ukuran ventrikuler, pergeseran jaringan otak.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Angiografi serebral: menunjukkan kelainan sirkulasi
serebral, seperti pergeseran jaringan otak akibat edema, perdarahan, trauma.</div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X-Ray: mendeteksi perubahan struktur tulang (fraktur),
perubahan struktur garis (perdarahan / edema), fragmen tulang.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa Gas Darah: medeteksi ventilasi atau masalah pernapasan
(oksigenasi) jika terjadi peningkatan tekanan intrakranial.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektrolit: untuk mengkoreksi keseimbangan elektrolit sebagai
akibat peningkatan tekanan intrakranial.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo30; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Komplikasi</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koma</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"> . Penderita tidak sadar dan tidak memberikan
respon disebut coma. Pada situasi ini, secara khas berlangsung hanya beberapa
hari atau minggu, setelah masa ini penderita akan terbangun, sedangkan beberapa
kasus lainya memasuki vegetative state atau mati penderita pada masa vegetative
statesering membuka matanya dan mengerakkannya, menjerit atau menjukan respon
reflek. Walaupun demikian penderita masih tidak sadar dan tidak menyadari
lingkungan sekitarnya. Penderita pada masa vegetative state lebih dari satu
tahun jarang sembuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seizure.
</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pederita yang mengalami cedera
kepala akan mengalami sekurang-kurangnya sekali seizure pada masa minggu
pertama setelah cedera. Meskipun demikian, keadaan ini berkembang menjadi
epilepsy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infeksi.</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Faktur tengkorak atau luka terbuka dapat
merobekan membran (meningen) sehingga kuman dapat masuk. Infeksi meningen ini
biasanya berbahaya karena keadaan ini memiliki potensial untuk menyebar ke
sistem saraf yang lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerusakan
saraf. </span></b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cedera pada basis
tengkorak dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada nervus facialis. Sehingga terjadi
paralysis dari otot-otot facialis atau kerusakan dari saraf untuk pergerakan
bola mata yang menyebabkan terjadinya penglihatan ganda .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hilangnya
kemampuan kognitif. </span></b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berfikir,
akal sehat, penyelesaian masalah, proses informasi dan memori merupakan
kemampuan kognitif. Banyak penderita dengan cedera kepala berat mengalami
masalah kesadaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit
Alzheimer dan Parkinson. </span></b><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada
kasus cedera kapala resiko perkembangan terjadinya penyakit alzheimer tinggi
dan sedikit terjadi parkinson. Resiko akan semakin tinggi tergantung frekuensi
dan keparahan cedera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penatalaksanaan</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Obesrvasi 24 jam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jika pasien masih muntah sementara dipuasakan terlebih
dahulu.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berikan terapi intravena bila ada indikasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak diistirahatkan atau tirah baring.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Profilaksis diberikan bila ada indikasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemberian obat-obat untuk vaskulasisasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemberian obat-obat analgetik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pembedahan bila ada indikasi.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ASKEP CEDERA KEPALA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengkajian </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.1.1Riwayat kesehatan</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
waktu kejadian, penyebab trauma, posisi saat
kejadian, status kesadaran saat kejadian pertolongan yang diberikan segera
setelah kejadian.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.1.2</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pemeriksaan Fisik</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem respirasi : suara nafas, pola nafas (kusmaull,
cheyene stokes, biot, hiperventilasi, ataksik)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kardiovaskuler : pengaruh perdarahan organ atau
pengaruh PTIK</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem saraf :<br />
Fungsi saraf kranial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>trauma yang
mengenai/meluas ke batang otak akan melibatkan penurunan fungsi saraf kranial.<br />
Fungsi sensori-motor à adakah kelumpuhan, rasa baal, nyeri, gangguan
diskriminasi suhu, anestesi, hipestesia, hiperalgesia, riwayat kejang.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem pencernaan<br />
Bagaimana sensori adanya makanan di mulut, refleks menelan, kemampuan
mengunyah, adanya refleks batuk, mudah tersedak. Waspadai fungsi ADH,
aldosteron : retensi natrium dan cairan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Retensi urine, konstipasi, inkontinensia.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kemampuan bergerak : kerusakan area motorik
hemiparesis/plegia, gangguan gerak volunter, ROM, kekuatan otot.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Kemampuan
komunikasi : kerusakan pada hemisfer dominan disfagia atau afasia akibat
kerusakan saraf hipoglosus dan saraf fasialis.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.2
Diagnosa,Intervensi dan Rasional</b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: outset black 1.0pt; margin-left: -7.5pt; mso-border-alt: outset black .75pt; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 614px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasional</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
pola nafas b/ d obstruksi trakeobronkial, neurovaskuler, kerusakan medula
oblongata.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
terjadi gangguan pola nafas setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 2x
24 jam dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Memperlihatkan
pola nafas normal/ efektif, bebas sianosis dengan GDA dalam batas normal
pasien.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pantau frekuensi, irama, kedalaman pernafasan.
Catat ketidakteraturan pernafasan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Angkat kepala tempat tidur sesuai aturan
posisi miring sesuai indikasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Anjurkan pasien untuk latihan nafas dalam yang
efektif jika pasien sadar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Auskultasi suara nafas. Perhatikan daerah
hipoventilasi dan adanya suara- suara tambahan yang tidak normal. (krekels,
ronki dan whiszing).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kolaborasi untuk pemeriksaan AGD, tekanan
oksimetri.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan oksiegen sesuai indikasi.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perubahan dapat menunjukan komplikasi pulmonal
atau menandakan lokasi/ luasnya keterlibatan otak. Pernafasan lambat, periode
apneu dapat menendakan perlunya ventilasi mekanis.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Untuk memudahkan ekspansi paru dan menjegah
lidah jatuh yang menyumbat jalan nafas.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mencegah/ menurunkan atelektasis.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Untuk mengidentifikasi adanya masalah paru
seperti atelektasis, kongesti atau obstruksi jalan nafas yang membahayakan
oksigenasi serebral atau menandakan adanya infeksi paru (umumnya merupakan
komplikasi pada cidera kepala).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menentukan kecukupan oksigen, keseimbangan
asam-basa dan kebutuhan akan terapi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mencegah hipoksia, jika pusat pernafasan
tertekan. Biasanya dengan mnggunakan ventilator mekanis</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
perfusi jaringan b/ d oedema cerebri, meningkatnya aliran darah ke otak.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
perfusi jaringan tidak dapat diatasi setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan
selama 2x 24 jam dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mampu
mempertahankan tingkat kesadaran</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Fungsi
sensori dan motorik membaik.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pantau
status neurologis secara teratur</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Evaluasi kemampuan membuka mata (spontan, rangsang
nyeri).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji respon motorik terhadap perintah yang
sederhana.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pantau TTV dan catat hasilnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Anjurkan orang terdekat untuk berbicara dengan
klien</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kolaborasi pemberian cairan sesuai indikasi
melalui IV dengan alat kontrol</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengkaji adanya kecenderungan pada tingkat
kesadaran dan potensial peningkatan TIK dan bermanfaat dalam menentukan
lokasi, perluasan dan perkembangan kerusakan SSP</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menentukan tingkat kesadaran</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengukur kesadaran secara keseluruhan dan
kemampuan untuk berespon pada rangsangan eksternal.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dikatakan sadar bila pasien mampu meremas atau
melepas tangan pemeriksan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Peningkatan tekanan darah sistemik yang
diikuti dengan penurunan tekanan darah diastolik merupakan tanda peningkatan
TIK .</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Peningkatan ritme dan disritmia merupakan
tanda adanya depresi atau trauma batang otak pada pasien yang tidak mempunyai
kelainan jantung sebelumnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nafas yang tidak teratur menunjukan adanya
peningkatan TIK</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ungkapan keluarga yang menyenangkan klien
tampak mempunyai efek relaksasi pada beberapa klien koma yang akan menurunkan
TIK</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level4 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pembatasan cairan diperlukan untuk menurunkan
Oedema cerebral: meminimalkan fluktuasi aliran vaskuler, tekanan darah (TD)
dan TIK</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit b/ d haluaran urine dan elektrolit
meningkat.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 3 x 24 jam ganguan keseimbangan cairan
dan elektrolit dapat teratasi dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Menunjukan
membran mukosa lembab, tanda vital normal haluaran urine adekuat dan bebas
oedema.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaji
tanda klinis dehidrasi atau kelebihan cairan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Catat masukan dan haluaran, hitung
keseimbangan cairan, ukur berat jenis urine.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan air tambahan/ bilas selang sesuai
indikasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kolaborasi pemeriksaan lab. kalium/fosfor
serum, Ht dan albumin serum.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Deteksi dini dan intervensi dapat mencegah
kekurangan / kelebihan fluktuasi keseimbangan cairan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kehilangan urinarius dapat menunjukan
terjadinya dehidrasi dan berat jenis urine adalah indikator hidrasi dan
fungsi renal.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dengan formula kalori lebih tinggi, tambahan
air diperlukan untuk mencegah dehidrasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hipokalimia/ fofatemia dapat terjadi karena
perpindahan intraselluler selama pemberian makan awal dan menurunkan fungsi
jantung bila tidak diatasi.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
rasa nyaman nyeri b/ d peningkatan tekanan intra kranial.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasa
nyeri berkurang setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 2 x 24 jam
dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>pasien
mengatakan nyeri berkurang.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pasien menunjukan skala nyeri pada angka 3.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ekspresi wajah klien rileks.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Teliti keluhan nyeri, catat intensitasnya,
lokasinya dan lamanya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Catat kemungkinan patofisiologi yang khas,
misalnya adanya infeksi, trauma servikal.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ber<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span> kompres dingin p<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">d </span>k<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">pla</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengidentifikasi karakteristik nyeri merupakan
faktor yang penting untuk menentukan terapi yang cocok serta.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>mengevaluasi keefektifan dari terapi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemahaman terhadap penyakit yang mendasarinya
membantu dalam memilih intervensi yang sesuai.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Meningkatkan rasa nyaman dengan menurunkan
vasodilatasi.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan
persepsi sensori b/ d penurunan kesadaran, peningkatan tekanan intra kranial.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi
persepsi sensori kembali normal setelah dilakukan perawatan selama 3x 24 jam
dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>mampu
mengenali orang dan lingkungan sekitar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mengakui
adanya perubahan dalam kemampuannya.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Evaluasi
secara teratur perubahan orientasi, kemampuan berbicara, alam perasaan,
sensori dan proses pikir.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji kesadaran sensori dengan sentuhan, panas/
dingin, benda tajam/ tumpul dan kesadaran terhadap gerakan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bicara dengan suara yang lembut dan pelan.
Gunakan kalimat pendek dan sederhana. Pertahankan kontak mata.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan lingkungan tersetruktur rapi, nyaman
dan buat jadwal untuk klien jika mungkin dan tinjau kembali.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Gunakan penerangan siang atau malam.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kolaborasi pd<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>ahlifisioterapi, terapiokupasi, terapi wicara dan terapi
kognitif.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fungsi cerebral bagian atas biasanya
terpengaruh lebih dahulu oleh adanya gangguan sirkulasi, oksigenasi.
Perubahan persepsi sensori motorik dan kognitif mungkin akan berkembang dan
menetap dengan perbaikan respon secara bertahap</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Semua sistem sensori dapat terpengaruh dengan
adanya perubahan yang melibatkan peningkatan atau penurunan sensitivitas atau
kehilangan sensasi untuk menerima dan berespon sesuai dengan stimuli.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pasien mungkin mengalami keterbatasan
perhatian atau pemahaman selama fase akut dan penyembuhan. Dengan tindakan
ini akan membantu pasien untuk memunculkan komunikasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengurangi kelelahan, kejenuhan dan memberikan
kesempatan untuk tidur REM (ketidakadaan tidur REM ini dapat meningkatkan
gangguan persepsi sensori).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memberikan perasaan normal tentang perubahan
waktu dan pola tidur.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pendekatan antar disiplin ilmu dapat
menciptakan rencana panatalaksanaan terintegrasi yang berfokus pada masalah
klien</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
mobilitas fisik b/d spastisitas kontraktur, kerusakan saraf motorik.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasien
dapat melakukan mobilitas fisik setelah mendapat perawatan dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>tidak
adanya kontraktur, footdrop.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ada peningkatan kekuatan dan fungsi bagian
tubuh yang sakit.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mampu
mendemonstrasikan aktivitas yang memungkinkan dilakukannya </div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Periksa
kembali kemampuan dan keadaan secara fungsional pada kerusakan yang terjadi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertahankan kesejajaran tubuh secara
fungsional, seperti bokong, kaki, tangan. Pantau selama penempatan alat atau
tanda penekanan dari alat tersebut.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan/ bantu untuk latihan rentang gerak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bantu pasien dalam program latihan dan penggunaan
alat mobilisasi. Tingkatkan aktivitas dan partisipasi dalam merawat diri
sendiri sesuai kemampuan.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengidentifikasi kerusakan secara fungsional
dan mempengaruhi pilihan intervensi yang akan dilakukan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Penggunaan sepatu tenis hak tinggi dapat membantu
mencegah footdrop, penggunaan bantal, gulungan alas tidur dan bantal pasir
dapat membantu mencegah terjadinya abnormal pada bokong.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mempertahankan mobilitas dan fungsi sendi/
posisi normal ekstrimitas dan menurunkan terjadinya vena statis.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Proses penyembuhan yang lambat seringakli
menyertai trauma kepala dan pemulihan fisik merupakan bagian yang sangat
penting. Keterlibatan pasien dalam program latihan sangat penting untuk
meningkatkan kerja sama atau keberhasilan program. </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resiko
tinggi infeksi b/ d jaringan trauma, kerusakan kulit kepala.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
terjadi infeksi setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 3x 24 jam
dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bebas
tanda- tanda infeksi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mencapai
penyembuhan luka tepat waktu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Berikan
perawatan aseptik dan antiseptik, pertahankan teknik cuci tangan yang baik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Observasi daerah kulit yang mengalami
kerusakan, daerah yang terpasang alat invasi, catat karakteristik drainase
dan adanya inflamasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Batasi pengunjung yang dapat menularkan
infeksi atau cegah pengunjung yang mengalami infeksi saluran nafas atas.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kolaborasi pemberian atibiotik sesuai
indikasi.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cara pertama untuk menghindari nosokomial
infeksi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Deteksi dini perkembangan infeksi memungkinkan
untuk melakukan tindakan dengan segera dan pencegahan terhadap komplikasi
selanjutnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menurunkan pemajanan terhadap pembawa kuman
infeksi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Terapi profilaktik dapat digunakan pada pasien
yang mengalami trauma, kebocoran LCS atau setelah dilakukan pembedahan untuk
menurunkan resiko terjadinya infeksi nosokomial.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 85.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
kebutuhan nutrisi b/ d kelemahan otot untuk menguyah dan menelan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasien
tidak mengalami gangguan nutrisi setelah dilakukan perawatan selama 3 x 24
jam dengan KH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tidak
mengalami tanda- tanda mal nutrisi dengan nilai lab. Dalam rentang normal.</div>
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</span></span></span>Peningkatan berat badan sesuai tujuan.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji kemampuan pasien untuk mengunyah dan
menelan, batuk dan mengatasi sekresi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Auskultasi bising usus, catat adanya
penurunan/ hilangnya atau suara hiperaktif.</div>
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</span></span></span>Jaga keamanan saat memberikan makan pada
pasien, seperti meninggikan kepala selama makan atatu selama pemberian makan
lewat NGT.</div>
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</span></span></span>Berikan makan dalam porsi kecil dan sering
dengan teratur.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji feses, cairan lambung, muntah darah.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kolaborasi dengan ahli gizi.</div>
</td>
<td style="border: inset black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset black .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Faktor ini menentukan terhadap jenis makanan
sehingga pasien harus terlindung dari aspirasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fungsi bising usus pada umumnya tetap baik
pada kasus cidera kepala. Jadi bising usus membantu dalam menentukan respon
untuk makan atau berkembangnya komplikasi seperti paralitik ileus.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menurunkan regurgitasi dan terjadinya
aspirasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Meningkatkan proses pencernaan dan toleransi
pasien terhadap nutrisi yang diberikan dan dapat meningkatkan kerjasama
pasien saat makan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perdarahan subakut/ akut dapat terjadi dan
perlu intervensi dan metode alternatif pemberian makan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Metode yang efektif untuk memberikan kebutuhan
kalori.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB V</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1 Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cedera kepala adalah trauma mekanik pada
kepala yang terjadi baik secara langsung yang kemudian dapat berakibat kepada
gangguan fungsi neurologis, fungsi fisik,kognitif, psikososial, bersifat
temporer atau permanen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(www.yayanakhyar.com.nr/200905).
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Otak dapat berfungsi dengan baik bila kebutuhan
oksigen dan glukosa dapat terpenuhi, energi yang dihasilkan di dalam sel – sel
syaraf hampir seluruhnya melalui proses oksidasi. Otak tidak mempunyai cadangan
oksigen, jadi kekurangan aliran darah ke otak walaupun sebentar akan
menyebabkan gangguan fungsi. Demikian pula dengan kebutuhan oksigen sebagai
bahan bakar metabolisme otak tidak boleh kurang dari 20 mg % karena akan
menimbulkan koma, kebutuhan glukosa sebanyak 25 % dari seluruh kebutuhan tubuh,
sehingga bila kadar oksigen plasma turun sampai 70 % akan terjadi gejala –
gejala permulaan disfungsi cerebral. Pada saat otak mengalami hipoksia, tubuh
berusaha memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen melalui proses metabolisme anaerob yang
dapat menyebabkan dilatasi pembuluh darah. Pada kontusio berat, hipoksia atau
kerusakan otak akan terjadi penimbunan asam laktat akibat metabolisme anaerob.
Hal ini akan menyebabkan oksidasi metabolisme anaerob. Hal ini akan menyebabkan
asidosis metababolik. Dalam keadaan normal Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) adalah 50
– 60 ml / menit 100 gr. Jaringan otak yang merupakan 15 % dari cardiac output.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trauma kepala menyebabkan perubahan fungsi
jantung sekuncup aktifitas atypical myocardial, perubahan tekanan vaskuler dan
udema paru. Perubahan otonim pada fungsi ventrikel adalah perubahan gelombang T
dan P aritmia, fibrilasi atrium dan ventrikel serta takikardi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akibat adanya perdarahan otak akan mempengaruhi
tekanan vaskuler, dimana penurunan tekanan vaskuler akan menyebabkan pembuluh
darah arteriol akan berkontraksi. Pengaruh persyarafan simpatik dan
parasimpatik pada pembuluh darah arteri dan arteriol otak tidak begitu besar.</span></div>
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Saran</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sebaiknya
kita harus melindungi kepala dari ancaman bahaya seperti kecelakaan,karena bila
kepala kita sudah mengalami cedera maka, hal tersebut dapat mengakibatkan fatal
bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sylvia A
Price, Lorraine M Wilson. 2006.Patofisiologi konsep klinis proses-proses
penyakit edisi 6 volume 2. Jakarta : Penerbit Buku kedokteran EGC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marilynn
E. Doenges. 2000. Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan pedoman<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">untuk perencanaan dan pendokumentasian pasien, ed.3.</span>EGC:Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Smeltzer, S. <i>Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah
Brunner Suddarth. Volume 3 Edisi 8</i>. Jakarta : EGC. 2002. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/47720693/Cedera-Kepala"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/47720693/Cedera-Kepala</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://ilmukebidanan.wordpress.com/tag/kesehatan/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://ilmukebidanan.wordpress.com/tag/kesehatan/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://yayanakhyar.wordpress.com/2008/04/25/cedera-kepala-head-injury/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://yayanakhyar.wordpress.com/2008/04/25/cedera-kepala-head-injury/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.darplastic.com/umum/bagian-ketiga.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://www.darplastic.com/umum/bagian-ketiga.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-88430062824680823972013-03-13T10:58:00.002-07:002013-03-13T10:58:45.672-07:00TIPS DAPAT PACAR CEPAT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="userContent">Cara Dapat Pacar Cepat <br /> <br /> 1. Perlu Aksi<br />
Pergi dan berbicara dengannya. Memang tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa anda
akan ditolak olehnya, tapi itu bukan berarti kiamat, karena Anda masih
bisa mencari target (orang) yang lain.<br /> <br /> 2. Penampilan Rapi<br /><span class="text_exposed_show">
Perbaiki penampilan, cobalah kenakan sesuatu yang membuat Anda merasa
nyaman dan pada saat yang sama memberikan keluar kesan bahwa Anda
benar-benar peduli tentang kebersihan. <br /> <br /> 3. Yakin dan Percaya Diri<br />
Tampil yakin dan percaya diri adalah sesuatu hal yang menarik dimata
seorang wanita. Pada dasarnya, sikap pria yang dingin dan tenang yang
ditunjukkan kepada seorang wanita akan menambah kesan menarik diri Anda
di mata mereka. Datangilah dia seorang diri dan hal ini akan menunjukkan
kesan bahwa Anda memang benar-benar tidak takut pada tantangan. Jadilah
percaya diri dan Anda akan mendapatkan pacar dengan cepat.<br /> <br /> 4. Jangan Terlalu Serius<br />
Karena terlalu serius, kemungkinan anda tidak akan mendapatkan pacar
dengan cepat. Jika anda melakukan segala sesuatu dengan cara terlalu
serius akan menunjukkan diri anda yang tidak tau cara bersenang-senang. <br /> <br /> 5. Jangan Mengaku Terlalu Miskin<br />
Alasan lain mengapa Anda tidak akan pernah mendapatkan pacar dengan
cepat adalah jika Anda datang mengaku sebagai seorang yang terlalu
miskin dan putus asa. Jangan tergila-gila pada setiap gadis yang Anda
temui. Alih-alih ingin menarik perhatiannya, justru hal ini akan
membuatnya takut dan akan menjauhi Anda.<br /> <br /> 6. Melakukan Penelitian<br />
Jika Anda pergi mendekati seorang wanita dan tidak mengetahui apapun
tentang mereka, tentu akan membuat Anda jatuh kedalam sebuah masalah dan
membuat Anda akan kehilanga dirinya.</span></span><br />
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rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-6746766162383387242013-03-13T10:37:00.002-07:002013-03-13T10:37:21.148-07:00MOTIVASI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="userContent">(ADV) Optimisme adalah memandang hidup ini
sebagai persembahan terbaik. Tidak ada sesuatu yang terjadi begitu saja
dan mengalir sia-sia. Pasti ada tujuan. Pasti ada maksud. Mungkin anda
pernah mengalami pengalaman buruk yang tak menyenangka<span class="text_exposed_show">n, maka keburukan itu hanya karena anda melihat dari salah satu sudut mata yg berkaitan uang saja.<br /> <br />
Bila anda berani menengok ke sisi yang lain, anda akan menemukan
pemandangan yang jauh berbeda. Anda tidak harus menjadi orang tersenyum
terus atau menampakkan wajah yang ceria.<br /> <br /> Optimisme terletak di
dalam hati, bukan hanya terpampang di muka. Jadilah optimis, karena
hidup ini terlalu rumit untuk dipandang dengan mengerutkan alis dan
muka.<br /> <br /> Setiap tetes air yang keluar dari mata air tahu mereka
mengalir menuju ke laut. Meskipun melalui anak sungai, belokan, kawasan
kali keruh, danau dan muara, mereka yakin perjalanan mereka bukan tanpa
tujuan. Bahkan, ketika menunggu di muara, setiap tetes air tahu, suatu
saat panas dan angin akan membawa mereka ke pucuk-pucuk gunung. Menjadi
awan dan menurunkan hujan. Sebagian menyuburkan rumput, sebagian
tertampung dalam sumur-sumur atau telaga. Sebagian kembali ke laut.
Adakah sesuatu yang sia-sia dari setiap tetes air yang anda temui?<br /> <br /> Masalah Adalah Hadiah.<br /> <br />
Bila anda menganggap masalah sebagai beban, anda mungkin akan
menghindarinya atau menjauhinya. Bila anda menganggap masalah sebagai
halangan, anda mungkin akan menghadapinya. Namun, masalah adalah hadiah
yang dapat anda terima dengan suka cita. Dengan pandangan tajam, anda
melihat kejayaan di balik setiap masalah.<br /> <br /> Masalah adalah anak
tangga menuju kekuatan yang lebih tinggi. Maka, hadapi dan ubahlah
menjadi kekuatan untuk kesuksesan anda. Tanpa masalah, anda tak layak
memasuki jalur kesuksesan. Bahkan hidup ini pun masalah, karena itu
terimalah sebagai hadiah.<br /> <br /> Hadiah terbesar yang dapat diberikan
oleh induk elang pada anak-anaknya bukanlah serpihan-serpihan makanan
pagi. Bukan pula, dekapan hangat di malam-malam yang dingin. Namun,
ketika mereka melempar anak-anak itu dari tempat yang tinggi.<br /> <br />
Detik pertama anak-anak elang itu menganggap induk mereka sungguh
keterlaluan, menjerit ketakutan, matilah aku. Beberapa ketika kemudian,
bukan kematian yang mereka terima, namun kesejatian diri sebagai elang,
yaitu terbang. Bila anda tidak berani mengatasi masalah, andatidak akan
menjadi seseorang yang sejati.</span></span><br />
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rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-75460081771637502942013-03-08T23:58:00.003-08:002013-03-08T23:58:41.077-08:00AKU (kehilangan arah dari yang aku punya)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Aku...</b><br />
<b>ku rangkai kata demi kata, hinga ia menjadi bait puisi</b><br />
<b>ku hitung detik, menit, menjadi jam</b><br />
<b>tak perlu apa yang terjadi</b><br />
<b>dalam diam</b><br />
<b>dalam pandangan kosong sekalipun tak ku temukan jawaban</b><br />
<b>yang ku nanti</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Aku...</b><br />
<b>terpaku dalam kesendirian, terbelenggu pada hati enta bernama</b><br />
<b>Apa? semuanya terasa asing</b><br />
<b>dalam senyumpun seolah topeng yang menakutkan</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Aku...</b><br />
<b>mulai melawati fase-fase mengerikan, jalannya berliku</b><br />
<b>suara-suara itu mulai terdengar lagi,</b><br />
<b>aku mulai takut melewati fase itu</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Aku...</b><br />
<b>bayangan-bayangan mulai mengganggu setiap langkahku</b><br />
<b>seolah menghentikan setiap detik jantungku</b><br />
<b>hingga raga terlepas dari ruhnya</b><br />
<b>seonggok batu pun tak mampu menghentikan langkahnya</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Aku...</b><br />
<b>kehilangan arah dari yang kupunya</b></div>
rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-57959226787936807852013-03-07T17:48:00.001-08:002013-03-07T17:48:11.148-08:00kw anggap apa<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Sulit tuk ku mengerti jalan pikiranmu<br />
Setengah hatiku terluka, senangkah hatimu<br />
Ku akan pergi, kau tak menginginkanku<br />
Kau lukai kebanggaan, perasaanku<br />
Dengan sadar menyakitiku<br />
<br />
Ku takkan pergi bila kau anggap aku ada<br />
Hanya mencintamu pun aku bisa<br />
Takkan ku sesali, hidup tanpamu aku bisa<br />
Akan hanya cinta yang ku bawa pulang<br />
<br />
Sulitnya tuk pungkiri hati yang terbagi<br />
Sepenuh hatiku memujamu, kau anggap apa<br />
Ku akan pergi, kau tak menginginkanku<br />
Ku tak ada di hatimu lagi, khianatiku<br />
Dengan sadar menyakitiku<br />
<br />
Ku takkan pergi bila kau anggap aku ada<br />
Hanya mencintamu pun aku bisa<br />
Takkan ku sesali, hidup tanpamu aku bisa<br />
Akan hanya cinta yang ku bawa pulang<br />
<br />
Ku tak ada di hatimu lagi, khianatiku<br />
<br />
Ku takkan pergi bila kau anggap aku ada<br />
Hanya mencintamu pun aku bisa<br />
Takkan ku sesali, hidup tanpamu aku bisa<br />
Akan hanya cinta yang ku bawa pulang<br />
<br />
Aku takkan pergi bila kau anggap aku ada<br />
Hanya mencintamu pun aku bisa<br />
Takkan ku sesali, hidup tanpamu aku bisa<br />
Akan hanya cinta yang ku bawa pulang</div>
rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7618666050262350685.post-33718567086685352252013-02-21T07:50:00.000-08:002013-03-12T22:14:59.445-07:00Profilku<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
perkenalkan aq <b>Achmad Rizqi Rustiansyah</b> panggil aq aja <b>Rizqi</b>.<br />
nama q tu ada artinya semua loh...<br />
<b>Achamd</b> itu cirihas orang Islam<br />
<b>Rizqi</b> itu berarti banyak rezeqinya (Amin)<br />
nah dan<b> Rustiansyah</b> itu tu nama dari ibu dan ayah ku<br />
<b>Rustia</b> itu nama ibu ku <b>n</b> itu berarti dan <b>Syah</b> itu nama ayah ku <b>Syahrul</b><br />
tuh kerenkan nama keberian kedua orang tua ku.<br />
aq di lahirkan di kota Palembang di mna kota bersi rapih aman dan indah.<br />
aq anak pertama dari tiga saudarah.<br />adik q yang pertama cewek namanya <b>NUR RIZQA CAHYANTI</b><br />
adik kedua q cowok namanya <b>MUHAMAD HATTA BUDIANSYAH.</b><br />
<b> </b><br /><br />
<br /></div>
rizqirustiansyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06363740993566415418noreply@blogger.com0